"One never reaches home, but wherever friendly paths intersect the whole world looks like home for a time."

One thing I absolutely love about Hesse's writing is the pure beauty and eloquence of his writing. Almost everything he says is so ardent and powerful, everything is meaningful and stirring. "Life was a torment" (Hesse 13). His writing is just incredible, and I guess his beginnings as a poet definitely help the robustness of his writings. I do suppose that some of it could be attributed to the translator as well, though. "How beautiful the world was when one looked at it without searching" (Hesse 41-42). Either way, Bernofsky and Hesse create a wonderful tapestry of words in the novel that is amazing.

Another thing that probably helps with the intense beauty of the writing is the subject matter. "To become empty empty of thirst, empty of want, empty of dream, empty of joy and sorrow" (Hesse 13). Beautiful! The whole idea of finding self in the sea of suffering in the world is definitely just a giant basin of provocative writing just waiting to be written. And the lessons being taught themselves are beautiful as well, "How beautiful the world was when one looked at it without searching" (Hesse 41-42). It's all just a very intriguing family of thought processes and phrases that Hesse has managed to take and perfectly relate to the world via his writing, and I love reading it.

"Communism is the riddle of history solved, and it knows itself to be this solution."

The subject of the ultimate socioeconomic system in the modern world is among the most widely and passionately debated subjects out there, and is often the cause of great conflict, sometimes even all-out war. There are basically three main schools of thought, each with its own core value or goal alongside a distinct economic and social system. The three main goals are the good of either the individual, the state, or the people. With the good of the individual comes capitalism and oligarchy. The good of the state is accompanied by nationalist socialism, or fascism, along with a dictatorship or monarchy. The good of the people comes with communism and democracy. Each of these has its own merits, and depends almost entirely on the value set of each individual. Those that value over the others the good of the individual, state, or people will therefore adhere to the beliefs of the economic and social systems that accompany it, with exceptions [for example free market capitalism alongside a representative democracy]. Franz Kafka valued the welfare of the people. He presented his beliefs in his work The Metamorphosis, riddled with messages and lessons about all facets of the various philosophies surrounding scientific socialism, or Marxism. His beliefs, as hidden in his work, include the fact of the alienation of the individual in this modernizing and industrializing world, the ulterior and supernatural purpose of humans to be happy and to help those around themselves, the meaning of community and eating together, and the condemnation of vampirization and exploitation. These all fall under the umbrella of communist ideals, and contribute to the fact that Kafka was a scientific socialist. In his Metamorphosis, Kafka presents a lesson of anti-capitalist and pro-Marxist philosophy through subtle Marxist themes in the novella and the use of several other philosophical ideas that fall under the umbrella of communist thought.

Kafka's direct allusions to Marxism occur throughout the story. First, as Gregor is musing about the changing nature of his life, he wonders, "how would things go if now all tranquility, all prosperity, all contentment should come to a horrible end?" (Kafka 9). Here we see the philosophy of the revolutionary, a philosophy absolutely embedded in all Marxists. The proletarian revolutionist, as Trotsky described it, is a necessary part of members of the communist party and is the fundamental unit of social revolution from bourgeois society. The philosophy of the dialectical materialist and the revolutionist states that social nature is in constant change, constantly reversing and growing out of its opposite, and that eventually all capitalist society will fall to give rise to communism. Another staple of the scientific socialist is the recognition of the sickening oppression of the proletariat by the bourgeoisie. This is a  description of the nature of Gregor's relationship with his family, "Gregor.. earned so much money that he was in a position to bear the expenses of the entire family, costs which he, in fact, did bear... They took the money with thanks, and he happily surrendered it" (Kafka 12). This is a statement describing how Gregor is the true earner of the family, just as the workers are the actual makers and producers in bourgeois society, and the patrician class is the leech hanging off the wealth earned by the proletariat, just as Gregor's family hangs off of Gregor's earned wealth. Not only is Gregor surrendering his hard-earned wealth, he is also happy to give to his oppressive family, a parallel drawn to the propagandized and brainwashed nature of the workers' adherence and loyalty to the evil managerial class. Another staple of thought in communism is the recognition of one of the many evil natures of capitalist society: the unrelenting obsession with profitability and usefulness. The description of Gregor's family's search for a useful, profitable daughter goes, "[Gregor's family] had often got annoyed at his sister because she had seemed to them a somewhat useless young woman" (Kafka 14). Kafka shows this despicable search to reap benefits of even family members as anti-capitalist messages, as their very blood is thrown off as worthless and bothersome because no profit can be gained from her. The most obvious Marxist thoughts in the novella show the very basis of Kafka's beliefs.

Kafka's continued association with Marxism continues with one of the many philosophies associated with it: modernism, which is a philosophical movement during a time of industrialization that recognizes the cold, monotonizing, nature of modern bourgeois society. As Gregor struggles to communicate with those around him, “ 'Did you understand even a single word?' the manager asked" (Kafka 5). This shows the isolation felt by Gregor, the emphasis on the individual in modernism, in direct contrast to the invariability industrial capitalist society creates as the individual melts into the exact average of the community in order to maximize the profits gained from it. As Gregor thinks more of his isolation, "How these lodgers stuff themselves, and I am dying of hunger!" (Kafka 21). The isolation and contrasting individualism, and suffering, of Gregor is shown as he starves as an individual in the cold, bourgeois world. He is an individual shunned by the capitalists to starve and die. Another facet of modernism is the idea of the completely mundane nature of industrial society. As Gregor looks out of his window, "The hospital across the street... was not visible at all anymore, and if he had not been very well aware that he lived in the quiet but completely urban Charlotte Street, he could have believed that from his window he was peering out at a featureless wasteland, in which the grey heaven and the grey earth had merged and were indistinguishable" (Kafka 13). This passage illustrates the mechanicalization of the society, this mechanicalization of the world contributing to its 'greyness'.  Not only that, but the fact that the bourgeois society's endless search for profit at the hands of the workers and the environment destroys the natural aspects of the earth, the 'green' of the world disappears as the environment is destroyed in search of more, more, more: a profit to be gained. Kafka illustrates a modernist aspect to his lesson of Marxism, revealing further his own ideals.

A very complex theme of Kafka is the idea of communion, the coming together and eating of a meal being a symbolic gesture of community and togetherness. Foster states that "The act of taking food into our bodies is so personal that we really only want to do it with people we're very comfortable with" (Foster 8). He says that the communion is a time of bonding: a loving community activity. In direct contrast to this, one can see the isolation of Gregor from the communion when he is in his room, "Again and again Gregor listened as one of them... invited another one to eat" (Kafka 11). We see the isolation of Gregor from the communion, alienating him as a non-member of the finer comforts of society, just as in a capitalism the proletariat is excluded from the comfort of things such as the communion of the meal in the upper class. In addition to this, Kafka highlights the effects of bourgeois society on the communion, "when they [the lodgers] were alone, they ate almost in complete silence" (Kafka 21). Marx wrote that capitalism takes the sentimental, loving, communal nature of the family and replaces it only with means and methods for profit, a money relationship. We see here through Kafka that even the idea of communion, the eating together that Foster maintains so vehemently is a sign of community, family, and common empathy, is destroyed by the capitalist society. It is no longer a communion, it is turned into a business gathering by the bourgeoisie. Kafka shows how the ideas of communion are destroyed in society ruled by the patricians, and therefore presents a lesson of the goodness of communism in its contrast to this destructive nature.

Another philosophy through which Kafka holds a connection to Marxism is existentialism. That is the philosophy of supernatural or otherworldly [but not divine] purpose given to human existence, the belief that existence cannot be explained only in terms of the material world, but more or less its purpose just to experience as much pleasure as possible in life, to do good for others, and that ones decisions are what make ones existence. While the whole otherworldly aspect of existentialism is in contrast to the materialist belief of scientific socialism, the rest of it agrees pretty wholeheartedly with the values of communism. Kafka uses the metaphor of movement to signify the ability of Gregor to exist as he wants in his life, and as he is being confronted by his father, "If Gregor only had been allowed to turn himself around" (Kafka 8). Here is shown an allegory for Gregor's inability to live his life as he wishes and change the overall direction of it due to the actions of his father. This has in common with Marxism the choice of one's direction of life in a communist society, the overall purpose of human society and life to further the good of those around [the ideals expressed in the beginning, about the good of the people being the main goal of communism]. Later in the story, Kafka expresses the ideas of one's choices echoing in the consequences, "Earlier, when the door had been barred, they had all wanted to come in to him; now, when he had opened one door and when the others had obviously been opened during the day, no one came any more, and now the keys were stuck in the locks on the outside" (Kafka 10). The actions of Gregor, and those around him, have led to the point of discontent and detachment he now exists in. This is a parallel to the Marxist philosophy of hard-determinism, which in part states that the environment around the individual is the product of the consequences of actions that the individual has performed, thoughts also stated by existentialism. One of the other aspects of existentialism is the search for pleasure in the corporeal world while one is alive. Gregor strives to find comfort in his room, "He was especially fond of hanging from the ceiling. The experience was quite different from lying on the floor. It was easier to breathe, a slight vibration went through his body, and... [he found] almost happy amusement" (Kafka 14). Gregor succeeds, in part, in his search to find pleasure in the world, however he can. He succeeds at one of the main ideas of existentialism: find pleasure in the world because there's nothing afterwards to glean pleasure from. This draws its connections to scientific socialism in the drive to find pleasure as an individual and as a community to succeed and benefit others. Kafka finds a way to show the overall purpose of Marxism, striving toward the good of the people, through themes of existentialism.

Kafka's also reveals his views through his use of one of the main themes of Marxist teaching. Vampirism is essentially the lessening of another for the benefit of the self. It originates, obviously, from the vampire, which sucks the blood of its victim, killing it, to strengthen itself and give itself life. Foster describes how vampirism goes beyond vampires themselves, "it's also about things other than literal vampirism: selfishness, exploitation, a refusal to accept the autonomy of other people" (Foster 17). Kafka uses this theme in Metamorphosis to draw lines of allusion from the vampires of the story to the vampires of capitalism. The most obvious connection is to the exploitation of the proletariat by the bourgeoisie. In the very beginning of the Communist Manifesto, Marx lays out the history of class struggle in terms of freeman and slave: patrician and plebeian: lord and serf: guild-master and journeyman - synonyms for oppressor and oppressed. It has always been, in capitalist society, the nature of the upper bourgeois class to leech off the actual productivity of the workers. Exploitation at its finest. In modern bourgeois society, and throughout capitalist history, the workers are even brainwashed to be happy to do it. As Gregor thinks about all the work he has done for his family, "he felt a great pride that he had been able to provide such a life for his parents and his sister in such a beautiful apartment" (Kafka 9). He is happy to be leached of all his good work for the good of the lazy bourgeois dogs that are his family. He is proud to be the tree being sucked of its sap. This is true throughout history, as the patricians manipulate the proletariat to be happy and grateful for an opportunity to serve them. It is also appropriate at this time to mention one of the supreme ironies of Kafka's work, the turn of oppressor to the oppressed, "this overworked and exhausted family... household was constantly getting smaller" (Kafka 19). The vampires no longer suck blood, but are instead sucked dry themselves. The once powerful, rich, lazy, swine are forced to work for once as society changes around them, in true dialectical materialist fashion: social reversal is inevitable and the once rich become the weak. Kafka illustrates the vampirism of capitalist society in his work to further contribute to his lesson on Marxism.

Kafka uses these things, these related Marxist philosophies - direct messages, modernism, communion, existentialism, vampirism, and irony - to present his message of scientific socialism to the world. His beliefs are outlined in palpable allusions to the various related philosophies of communism. He uses the ideas of individualism in a mechanizing world, the community of meals, the purpose of human existence and society, and the unfair exploitation of unwitting peoples to show his beliefs. From these, one can clearly beget the verdict that Kafka's values lie in the good of the people as a whole, creating the undoubtful conclusion that he was a communist. His clear values as a humanitarian, his expansive education and extensive intellect also contribute to that conclusion. His works, however, remain the chief proof of Kafka's socioeconomic ties, as they teach the obvious lesson of Marxism. Kafka's work is obviously too complex to be described only in terms of one philosophy, though, which is why it is necessary to determine that conclusion from the combination of a number of different, more subtle, philosophies contained in his writing. Despite all this, the remaining denouement is that Kafka's beliefs lay in the ideals of a scientific socialist, and the lesson he teaches is one of that belief.

"Eating is so intimate. It's very sensual. When you invite someone to sit at your table and you want to cook for them, you're inviting a person into your life."

The idea of communion in eating in literature is very interesting and, in my opinion, very well-founded. It does find a good base in Kafka's Metamorphosis, the premise of eating serving to illustrate the exclusion Gregor feels as a bug. foster states that eating together in literature is an act of communion, and signifies a close, trusting, intimate, relationship, "The act of taking food into our bodies is so personal that we really only want to do it with people we're very comfortable with" (Foster 8). He says that eating is a very personal and humanly emotive act that the people we surround ourselves with while we do it must therefore be our those with whom we have the closest relationships. At one point in the story, Gregor even gets to a point where he has no such close relationships, he is excluded from all human relation, that he does not feel the need to eat at all, even alone, "he could not imagine anything which he might have an appetite for" (Kafka 20). He not only does not eat with his family, he does not eat with himself. His relation to his own humanity has been so far alienated that he can no longer even eat in his own presence, and the very [intimate] concept of eating escapes him. It's tragic.

Adding on to this idea of consumption being an insanely intimate and telling process in human society is vampirism, and how the change from dining with someone to dining on someone becomes that much more of a horrifyingly evil act. Beyond literal eating, too, rises the level of despicable. Foster writes, "(there rise) more modern incarnations: exploitation in its many forms. Using other people to get what we want" (Foster 21). He says, and I agree, that the whole idea of using another person to further yourself while at the same time belittling their needs and existence is an act directly descended from the fiction of vampirism - literally eating and taking life from another human to make yourself stronger - is among the worst possible things a human can do. This action is exacted precisely by Mama and Papa Samsa, and at the end of the story, "almost unconsciously understanding each other in their silent glances, they thought that the time was now at hand to seek out a good honest man for her" (Kafka 27). They undoubtedly see this daughter of theirs as a new subject to vampirize and exploit, most likely from selling into marriage and/or working to death, after they dried up the well of profitability that was once their son Gregor.

"To live is to suffer, to survive is to find some meaning in the suffering."

Existentialism is a very intricate and complicated subject to address. Philosophy in general is. The very subject broaches the entirety of human thought and emotion beyond language, and so attempting to define it and understand it in the terminology of written words is nigh on impossible. Definitions stretch on for pages on pages; they transcend "Definitions" and become essays on the subject. Simplicity is destroyed, as even the most basic terms must be defined in terms of every other philosophical term out there, without being defined by characteristics of itself or defining itself with characteristics of others that also happen to be have the same characteristics. It gets pretty 'deep'. That being said, let's try to understand, simply, the philosophy of existentialism. As far as I can tell, existentialism falls into the philosophical category of human purpose, drawing purpose of life from the individual, with their own free will and soul. There is some supernatural or otherworldly aspect, not necessarily religious, but not definable in terms of matter, science, and causality alone. Philosophy is also difficult to deal with because, with its very complex nature, it becomes incredibly specific, and differing viewpoints on only a couple facets send a whole new philosophy spinning off into being.
For example, I share with existentialism the belief that purpose is begotten from the individual: you make your own purpose in life by your actions: not necessarily that every person has a specific self-created purpose to follow, but that if you wish to find purpose, look to yourself and mind, which means that people can very easily exist without a purpose, and very many in fact do not have purposes. I do not, however, subscribe to the illusion of free will, meaning that while there are no set purposes to follow, every person's purpose, as defined by their actions, being predeterminate, is already set. I also do not subscribe to the philosophically idealist views of existentialism [philosophical idealism and materialism are two opposites in philosophy: idealism is the belief in things that transcend the real world, things such as planes of existence beyond our own like heaven or hell, or that consciousness arose beyond matter and only inhabits matter by choice. Materialism states that there is only the real world, with only matter and scientifically explainable phenomena, and that consciousness has arisen from the highest possible state of matter.], so one might call me a materialist existentialist. But this still does mot encompass all the philosophical views I possess. In addition, I am a dialectic [the Hegelian philosophy of change or motion, especially in a social sense when applied to Marxism, that encompasses the drastic and sudden change from quantitative to qualitative fluctuation and vice versa, the unity of opposites, the negation of the negation, and so on], a Marxist [or scientific socialist, which really encompasses dialectical materialism, historical materialism, and Marxist economics], an atheist [which also sometimes, but not always, includes materialism], a hard determinist [which actually happens to be very difficult, but not impossible, to rectify with existentialism of any sort], a realist [not just materialism, but that everything we observe as the real world is actually real], a moral relativist [which just so happens to be morally iffy, which by its very nature I care little about], and so on.
However, of all the philosophical fields out there, the philosophies for finding meaning to life are by far the most complex, as they try to find an answer to the great question "Why are we here?", a question that has plagued conscious thought since its beginning. This is also the most difficult answer to accept [if an answer to the question is ever found]. Almost every belief system out there stems from some facet of this question, not only belief systems to answer questions about the world around, but also as to why we are the ones that can actually acknowledge it. Most belief systems were created to form false senses of grandeur and purpose in this universe, [before I go on I should specify that my views for the purpose of human life are that purpose is not actually tangible or given, it is a relative, subjective, and self-prescribed comfort] as people fail to accept either the truth that they have no given purpose or they fail to accept the responsibility of being given their own purpose to procure. Deep stuff.

"The bourgeoisie has torn away from the family its sentimental veil, and has reduced the family relation to a mere money relation."

So funny story Gregor Samsa's family is a giant hulking piece of shit. Even before where the story begins, his family has thrust onto their son their massive debt, forcing him to work in a job he hates to pay it off. In the beginning, Gregor wakes up, and realizes he is late to work, and thinks to himself of the necessity of getting to work, " 'right now I have to get up. My train leaves at five o’clock' ” (Kafka 1). He, even in the state of being a bug, is still absolutely determined to get to work, work that he hates, in order to pay off a debt that isn't even his. AS muses about quitting, " 'If I didn’t hold back for my parents’ sake, I’d have quit ages ago. I would’ve gone to the boss and told him just what I think from the bottom of my heart' " (Kafka 1). Gregor wants desperately to leave, to quit, but he feels such loyalty and adherence to his parents' wishes that he feels he must help them. His parents' brainwashing of him has gotten to the point that Gregor even feels the debt is his own: not just the responsibility to pay it is his, but the very debt itself is his. As he talks to his manager after he lets him into his room, he says, " 'I am really so indebted to Mr. Chief—you know that perfectly well' " (Kafka 7). He has willingly taken on the debt as his own, devoted as he is to his parents, and they let him suffer for their own good. His family is taking advantage of him, working him miserably to the bone. They tell him they love him and they care for him to his face while their hands whip him in the back and force him to the ground to work
Gregor is indebted, at the rate he's going at now, to be working for five or six more years, "that [paying off the debt] should take another five or six years" (Kafka 1). He's resigned to working in misery for six years to pay off this debt, but he doesn't actually have t work for that long! Later, it is revelead that not only is his family living off the work that he does, taking the money to fund their own bloated lifestyles, they aren't even using all the possible money to pay off their debt, "the money which Gregor had brought home every month—he had kept only a few crowns for himself—had not been completely spent and had grown into a small capital amount" (Kafka 12). They are taking and hoarding and taking money from Gregor, the only person in the family that's actually doing anything productive or supportive, leaving him poor and overworked, resigned to continue being taken advantage of for years to come. At least in the end they finally get their due (partially) while they themselves get put to hard work, "they had been struck by a misfortune like no one else in their entire circle of relatives and acquaintances. What the world demands of poor people they now carried out to an extreme degree. The father bought breakfast to the petty officials at the bank, the mother sacrificed herself for the undergarments of strangers, the sister behind her desk was at the beck and call of customers, but the family’s energies did not extend any further" (Kafka 19). They now feel the soreness of hard labor, know what it is to support not only yourself but also something which does nothing on its own and must be taken care of. They deserve every iota of suffering they receive at the hands of their new situation, and it is a cruel disjustice that it is Gregor that dies in the end to leave his family to their own prosperous future, and not the family that lies down and dies like the dogs they are. Instead the bourgeois swine crawl away to reap the rewards of a new dominion.